Crossing the Border

A. If you take a case across the border, make sure you don't cross the line into the unauthorized practice of law.

The problem is that disciplinary boards and courts do not always agree on where to draw this line. Under Rule 5.5(a) of the Rules of Professional Conduct, "An attorney shall not practice law in a jurisdiction in violation of the regulation of the legal profession in that jurisdiction, or assist another in doing so." So before you take a case arising elsewhere, you must check that state's regulations to determine whether and to what extent you may participate.

Fortunately, as long as you don't lie about where you're licensed, most states will let you handle certain cases that cross jurisdictional lines. See Rule 5.5(b). Since your client is a Maryland resident who is receiving substantial treatment in Maryland, your work in compiling medical records, preparing a settlement demand and negotiating a resolution of the claim probably won't draw objections that you are practicing law without a license.

But proceed with extreme caution. While it bucks the trend toward more regional practices, you can still find occasional opinions that regard pre-suit settlement negotiations as the unauthorized practice of law.

To avoid problems with claims arising out-of-state, you should:

➤ Inform Your Client of the Limitations of Your License - your retainer agreement must list the states in which you are licensed, emphasize that you are not licensed where the accident arose, and explain your need to affiliate with local counsel before litigating the matter. In addition to getting your client's consent to retaining additional counsel, you should outline the manner in which the extra lawyer will be compensated;
➤ Engage Local Counsel at an Early Stage in the Process - this will not only deter accusations that you are practicing without a license, but it may be critical in understanding the substantive law of the other state so that you can prepare your case in a competent manner;
➤ Review the State's Rules on Pro Hac Vice Admission - most states let lawyers handle specific cases if they reasonably expect to be specially admitted for later litigation;
➤ Make Sure You're Competent in the Area - the rules are chiefly concerned with competence. So they grant greater latitude for cases which would be within the customary scope of your practice. Rule 5.5(b)(4). This should permit an accident lawyer to prepare a case for settlement prior to litigation, especially for a client whose treatment was largely rendered in-state.

Ironically, your experience in handling these cases may work against you on the other side of the border. Accustomed to a statute of limitations giving them three years to sue, many Maryland lawyers learn about Delaware's two-year deadline when it's already too late. Without a firm grasp of the other state's law, your assumptions about claims, defenses, damages, procedural requirements and other key issues may be fatally flawed.

The same is true of settlement negotiations. Settlement values may differ in different states and, even in the same state, some locales are more generous than others. So while you may be able to negotiate a settlement "on your own," affiliating with local counsel may prevent you from selling yourself and your client short.

Naturally, you cannot file suit, sign pleadings or appear in a court where you are not admitted to practice. If you do so without following the forum state's rule on pro hac vice admission, your trip across the border will cross ethical lines as well.